Golgi+Apparatus,+Vesicle,+Lysosome

A vesicle is a membrane surrounded bag used in a cell for storing and transporting substances
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 * Vesicles, which have lipid bilayers, form in cells because of the characteristics of lipid membranes
 * Vesicles have at least one phospholipids bilayer- vesicles with one layer are called unilamellar vesicles, if they have more layers they are called multilamellar
 * The job of vesicles is to transport, store, digest cellular products and waste - vesicles are also involved in metabolism, transport, buoyancy control, and enzymes storage and due to the fact that in the inside of a vesicle is separated from the cytosolic environment of the cell, this allows vesicles to act as chemical reaction chambers and are used for organizing substances in the cell
 * The membrane of a vesicle is similar to that of a plasma membrane and can fuse with the plasma membranes to release substances outside the cell and with other [|organelles] inside the cell
 * Vacuoles are vesicle containing mainly water: used by Plant cells and some protists
 * Food vacuoles are used in the process of phagocytes and endocytosis

Types of vesicles and function
Example: moving proteins made in rough ER to mature in the Golgi apparatus Store hormones to be released into the bloodstream Also they carry enzymes which are used to make cell walls of plants, fungi, bacteria, protists, archea, and the extra cellular matrix of animal cells
 * Transport vesicles move molecules between places inside the cell
 * Secretory vesicles move materials that are to be moved out of the cell, dispose of waste; chemicals produced, etc.: Types of secretory vesicles are: synaptic vesicles store neurotransmitters at presynaptic terminals in neurons[[image:http://www.utexas.edu/research/asrec/vesicle.gif align="left" caption="vesicles carrying neurotransmitters"]]
 * Gas vesicles in Archaea, Bacteria, and plank tonic microorganisms
 * Matrix vesicles- used to start[| biomineralization] of matrix in various tissues
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Multivesicular body- a vesicle containing some smaller vesicles

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Formation

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Clathrin- movement between Golgi apparatus and plasma memebrane, Golgi and endosomes, and plasma membrane and endosomes <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">COPI- retrograde transport from Golgi to ER <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">COPII- anterograde transport from ER to Golgi <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Surface markers known as SNAREs identify the cargo and SNAREs on the membrane complement to allow the fusion of the vesicle and the target membrane <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">For the vesicle and the target membrane to fuse they must be in 1.5nm of each other
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">They can be made when part of the ER or Golgi apparatus pinches off
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Objects outside the cell are surrounded by the cell membrane
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Vesicles have 3 different types of coatings:

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">Lysosomes[[image:http://219.221.200.61/ywwy/zbsw(E)/pic/ech7-21.jpg width="513" height="374" align="right"]]
<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">this is maintained this by taking hydrogen ions from the cytosol into the lumen of the lysosome
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">contain enzymes which can be found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells all in a membrane bound bag
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">job in cell is to digest macromolecules has enzymes that can hydrolyze proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids in an acidic environment- ph 5.
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">lysosomal membranes and hydrolytic enzymes both made by rough ER, then they are moved to a Golgi apparatus for final details
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">in a process called [|autophagy] the lysosome recycles a cell's organic material; Digest excess or old organelles, food particles, and viruses and bacteria
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Enzymes found within lysosomes: lipase, amylase, proteases, nucleases, and phosphoric acid monoesters
 * <span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Involved in [|phagocytosis], [|endocytosis], and autophagy

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[[image:golgifigure1.jpg width="492" height="280" caption="Animatic Golgi Apparatus"]]media type="file" key="Golgi_Apparatus_-_an_animatic_[www.keepvid.com].3gp" width="300" height="300"
If video does not appear, it can be found here: []

· Transport vesicles leave the [|Endoplasmic Reticulum]and travel to the Golgi body, where their products are modified and stored, and then sent to other destinations. · Golgi body consists of flattened membranous sacs, called cisternae (singular- cisterna). Cells may have several of these “stacks”. media type="file" key="Protein_Modification_(Golgi)_[www.keepvid.com].3gp" width="300" height="300" <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 0px; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; overflow: hidden; text-indent: -0.25in;"> If video does not appear, it can be found here: []

· The membrane of each cisterna in a stack separates its internal space from the cytosol. Unlike in the ER, the cisternae of the Golgi body are not physically connected. · Golgi body has its own [|polarity]. This polarity is due to the cisternae membranes at the ends of stack differing in its composition molecularly. · The ends are referred to as the //cis// face and the //trans// face. Vesicles from the ER connect to the //cis// face by adding its membranes there and fusing with the Golgi’s membrane. Vesicles are risen and then disconnect and travel to other cell sites by the //trans// face.

<span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · ER products, such as proteins and phospholipids, are most often [|modified] during their movement from the //cis// face to the //trans// face. · Golgi body also has the ability to manufacture macromolecules itself. · The manufacturing of products by the Golgi body is done through a process of stages. This is due to the different [|enzyme]group within different cisternae between the faces. · A substantial amount of polysaccharides that are secreted by cells are products of the Golgi body. <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> · Before the final products exit the Golgi body through the //trans// face, it sorts the products and gives them a type of molecular [|identification].

Games and Other Activities

 * The game [|Cell Craft] gives you the opportunity to explore the cell and its functions, including the cell's Golgi Body, Vesicles, and Lysosomes.
 * You can watch this [|video] regarding lysosomes, and then quiz yourself on what you have learned.
 * You can also complete this organelle [|wordsearch]to become more familiar with the names of the organelles.

//__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Information __//
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Campbell, Neil A.. "Biology." 'Ed'. Neil A. Campbell. Menlo Park: Benjamin/Cummings, 1999. Print. <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">"Vesicles (Biology and Chemistry)." Wikipedia, the free enyclopedia (2010): n. pag. Web. 25 Oct 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)>.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">[|"Lysosome." //Wikipedia, the free enyclopedia// (2010): n. pag. Web. 26 Oct 2010. [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome|[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysosome]]]]] <span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 9pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"> Neur ons and Neurotransmitters: The "Brains"." //Addiction Science Research and Education Center// n. pag. Web. 26 Oct 2010. [].

//__<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Pictures __//
"Vesicles." //Vesicles//. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.kalergroup.che.udel.edu/Research/vesicles.htm

"Characteristics of Lysosomes." //Chapter 7 Endomembrane system, Protein Sorting and membrane trafficking//. Web. 27 Oct 2010. [].

"Neurons and Neurotransmitters: The "Brains"." Addiction Science Research and Education Center n. pag. Web. 26 26 Oct 2010. []

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">"The Polarity of Golgi Complex” //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Chapter 7 Endomembrane system, Protein Sorting and membrane trafficking // . Web. 27 Oct 2010. [].

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">"Protein Synthesis." //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Chapter 7 Endomembrane system, Protein Sorting and membrane trafficking //. Web. 27 Oct 2010. .

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">"Golgi complex and cell’s completion." //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Chapter 7 Endomembrane system, Protein Sorting and membrane trafficking //. Web. 27 Oct 2010. [].

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">"Extracellular Fluid." //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Chapter 7 Endomembrane system, Protein Sorting and membrane trafficking //. Web. 27 Oct 2010. [].

<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">"Proteins to Lysosomes." //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Chapter 7 Endomembrane system, Protein Sorting and membrane trafficking //. Web. 27 Oct 2010. [].

<span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: times new roman,times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; margin-left: 30px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: left; text-indent: -30px;">"The SNARE Hypothesis for Transport Vesicle Targeting and Fusion.." //Types of Vesicle Transport and Their Functions//. Web. 27 Oct 2010. []. <span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: times new roman,times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; margin-left: 30px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: left; text-indent: -30px;"><span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: times new roman,times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; margin-left: 30px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: left; text-indent: -30px;">"Lysosomes- Little Enzyme Packages." //Biology4Kids//. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_lysosome.html

//<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">__Video__ //
<span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: times new roman,times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; margin-left: 30px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: left; text-indent: -30px;">"Lysosomes." //TeacherTubeVideos//. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?album_id=&title=Lysosomes_&video_id=57149&vpkey=>. BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION: "Lysosomes." TeacherTubeVideos. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?album_id=&title=Lysosomes_&video_id=57149&vpkey=>. [NOTE: Italicize "TeacherTubeVideos"]

PARENTHETICAL CITATION: ("Lysosomes")

<span style="color: #333333; display: block; font-family: times new roman,times,serif; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; letter-spacing: 2px; margin-left: 30px; padding-bottom: 8px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 8px; text-align: left; text-indent: -30px;">"Vacuoles-Vesicles." //Brightstorm//. Web. 27 Oct 2010. <http://www.brightstorm.com/science/biology/parts-of-a-cell/vacuoles-vesicles>.