Jeremy+Gillen

= TURNER SYNDROME = Turner Syndrome- A genetic condition in which a Female does not have the usual pair of two X chromosomes.

Causes, Incidence, and Risk factors involved with Turner Syndrome-
A human should normally have 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes contain all of your genes and DNA making you who you are today. Two of these chromosomes which are referd to as the sex chromosomes, determine if you become a boy or a girl. Females should have two of the same sex chromosomes. Males have an X and a Y chromosome. If you have Turner Syndrome then you either have lost all of parts of the X chromosome. This only happens to females more commonly with those without an X chromosome. Some may have two X chromosomes but one is incomplete also a female can have some cells with two X chromosomes but other cells have only one. Turner syndrome occurs in about 1 out of 2,000 live births.

Symptoms-
For the Newborns that have Turner Syndrome they could have. Swollen Hands or Feet

Wide and webbed neck Seen in Older Females (Shown Later On) Absent or incomplete development at puberty Broad, flat chest shaped like a shield Drooping eyelids Dry eyes Infertility Short height

Treatments-
Growth hormone my help a child with Turner syndrome grow taller. An optional treatment is the use of Estrogen replacement therapy. It is often started when the girl is 12 or 13 years old. This helps trigger the growth of breasts, pubic hair, and other sexual characteristics. Women with Turner syndrome who wish to become pregnant may consider using a donor egg. To prevent the carry over to another life.

Signs and Tests-
 Turner syndrome can be diagnosed at any stage of life. It may be diagnosed before birth if a chromosome analysis is done during prenatal testing. The doctor will perform a physical exam and look for signs of poor development. There are some procedures needed to identify if a child has Turner syndrome- Blood hormone levels ( luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone) Echocardiogram Karyotyping MRI of the chest Ultrasound of reproductive organs and kidneys Pelvic exam

Chromosome-
People without Turner syndrome have 46 chromosomes, of which 2 are sex chromosomes. Females have two X chromosomes. In people with Turner syndrome, one of those sex chromosomes is either missing or has other abnormalities - the chromosome may be missing in some cells but not in others (mosaicism or Turner mosaicism). In other words, there are two types of Turner syndromes: - an X chromosome is completely missing. The abnormalities only occur in the X chromosome of some of the cells in the body.
 * Classical Turner syndrome**
 * Mosaic Turner syndrome (mosaicism or Turner mosaicism)** -

Complications-
Abnormal aortic valve or narrowing of the aorta in an infant, and widening of the aorta in an adult Arthritis Cataracts Diabetes Hashimoto's thyroiditis Heart defects High blood pressure Kidney problems Middle ear infections Obesity Scoliosis (in adolescence)

Prevention-
No current way to prevent Turner syndrome

Work Cited-
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001417/ http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/176083.php